The Complete Roadmap for C Programming with Covered all topics Basics to Advanced… (2025)

C is a procedural programming language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie as a system programming language to write an operating system. The key features of the C language include low-level access to memory, a simple set of keywords, and a clean style. These features make the C language suitable for system programs like operating systems or compiler development. C is a general-purpose, high-level, compiler-based, machine-independent structure language that is extensively used in various applications.

> operating system [ e.g.: dos, win, Unix….]

> Editor [ e.g.: notepad, WordPad]

> Commercial applications

> Database

> Translator

> Device driver

And many more…

‘absolutely ‘Yes ‘

Remember one thing every programming language has borrowed syntax/features directly or indirectly from the C language. Only the C language can clear the programming logic you need for your whole life. If you learn the C language you can easily switch to another language and that will take truly little time to master that language.

Basically, C is a modular/procedural language. When you have the concept of C structure you can easily relate the topic to the class that is involved in object-oriented programming.

Lastly, one more thing that is to clear your thoughts about whether is it worth it or not?

If you want to study computer science then first start with C programming otherwise if you just love coding but are not in the CS subject then you can go for a project base programming language like python or something else whatever you love to do, that will be helpful because remember that the basic of Computer Science student is to learn how to solve problems. Here project is not the priority.

I hope now you have no doubt about this topic.

Now, how can you start with the C language? You can follow the below sequence that I follow to learn. But before starting your very first programming language, make sure you have some knowledge about the number system like converting numbers from one to another. that will help you to understand some programming topics more.

Note: One thing that will help you to be a good programmer is to keep a notebook and pen with you when you learn about a new topic and write down the syntax

1. C Language Introduction
2. C Programming Language Standard
3. int (1 sign bit + 31 data bits) keyword in C
4. Is it fine to write “void main()” or “main()” in C/C++?
5. Difference between “int main()” and “int main(void)” in C/C++?
6. Macros and Preprocessors in C
7. Compiling a C program: — Behind the Scenes
8. Benefits of C over other languages
9. Program error signals
10. Escape sequences in C
11. Line Slicing in C
12. C/ C++ Tokens

1. Variables and Keywords in C
2. How are variables scoped in C — Static or Dynamic?
3. Scope rules in C
4. How Linkers Resolve Multiple Defined Global Symbols?
5. Quiz on Variable Declaration and Scope
6. Complicated declarations in C
7. Redeclaration of a global variable in C
8. Internal and External Linkage
9. Declare a variable as constant
10. Why variables don’t start with numbers
11. Redeclaration of global variables
12. Initialization of global and static variables

1. Functions in C
2. Importance of function prototype in C
3. Functions that are executed before and after main() in C
4. return statement vs exit() in main()
5. How to Count Variable Numbers of Arguments in C?,
6. What is the evaluation order of function parameters in C?
7. Does C support function overloading?
8. How can we return multiple values from a function?
9. What is the purpose of a function prototype?
10. Static functions in C
11. exit(), abort() and assert()
12. Implicit return type int in C
13. What happens when a function is called before its declaration in C?
14. _Noreturn function specifier in C
15. exit() vs _Exit()
16. __func__ identifier in C
17. Callback function in C
18. Nested functions in C
19. Parameter Passing Techniques
20. pow() function in C
21. tolower() function in C
22. time() function in C

1. Data Types in C
2. Use of bool in C
3. Integer Promotions in C
4. Quiz on Data Types in C
5. Comparison of a float with a value in C
6. Need for a long data type in C
7. size_t data type in C
8. Interesting facts about data types and modifiers
9. Float and Double in C
10. Character arithmetic in C
11. Typecasting in C

1. Introduction to pointers in C and C++
2. Double Pointer (Pointer to Pointer) in C
3. Why does C treat array parameters as pointers?
4. The output of the program | Dereference, Reference, Dereference, Reference
5. Dangling, Void, Null, and Wild Pointers
6. An Uncommon representation of the array of elements
7. How to declare a pointer to a function?
8. Pointer vs Array in C
9. void pointer in C
10. NULL pointer in C!
11. Function Pointer in C
12. near, far and huge pointers
13. Generic Linked List in C
14. restrict keyword in C
15. const char *p, char * const p, and const char * const p
16. Pointer to an Array

1. Storage Classes in C
2. Static Variables in C
3. Understanding the “extern” keyword in C
4. What are the default values of static variables in C?
5. Understanding the “volatile” qualifier in C
6. Const Qualifier in C
7. Initialization of static variables in C
8. Understanding the “register” keyword in C
9. Quiz on Storage Classes in C
10. The understanding of volatile qualifiers in C- Set 1

1. Returned values of printf() and scanf()
2. What is return type of getchar(), fgetc() and getc()?
3. Scansets in C
4. puts() vs printf() for printing a string
5. What is use of %n in printf()?
6. How to print % using printf()?
7. Quiz on Input-Output in C
8. Difference between printf, sprintf and fprintf?
9. Difference between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche()
10. Difference between %d and %i format specifier
11. Use of fflush(stdin) in C
12. Clearing input buffer in C/C++
13. scanf() and fscanf() in C
14. getchar_unlocked() in C
15. Problem with scanf()
16. Differentiate printable and control character
17. rand() and srand() in C/C++

1. Introduction to operators in C and Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational and Logical Operators in C
3. Bitwise Operators in C
4. Operator Precedence and Associativity in C
5. The evaluation order of operands
6. Comma in C and C++
7. sizeof operator in C
8. Operands for sizeof operator
9. A comma operator question
10. Result of comma operator as l-value in C and C++
11. Order of operands for logical operators
12. Increment (Decrement) operators require L-value Expression
13. Precedence of postfix ++ and prefix ++ in C/C++
14. Modulus on Negative Numbers
15. C/C++ Ternary Operator — Some Interesting Observations
16. Pre-increment (or pre-decrement) in C++
17. Difference between ++*p, *p++ and *++p
18. Results of comparison operations in C and C++
19. To find the sum of two numbers without using any operator
20. Sequence Points in C
21. Execution of printf with ++ operators
22. Anything written in sizeof() is never executed
23. Difference between strlen() and sizeof()
24. Stringizing and Token-pasting operator

1. Write a C macro PRINT(x) which prints x
2. Variable-length arguments for Macros
3. Multiline macros in C
4. CRASH() macro — interpretation
5. The offsetof() macro,
6. Branch prediction macros in GCC
7. What is the difference between #define and const in C?
8. A-C Programming Language Puzzle
9. What’s the difference between header files “stdio.h” and “stdlib.h” ?
10. How to print a variable name in C?
11. Constants in C
12. How a Preprocessor works
13. Preprocessor Directives: Behind the scenes-1
14. Preprocessor Directives: Behind the scenes-2
15. isgraph() library function
16. write your own header file in C
17. difftime() library function
18. tmpnam() library function
19. _Generic keyword in C
20. math.h library functions
21. typedef versus #define in C
22. strftime() library function
23. exec family of functions

1. Introduction to Arrays in C Language
2. Strings in C Language
3. Properties of the array in C Language
4. Do not use sizeof for array parameters
5. Initialization of variables sized arrays in C
6. Are array members deeply copied?
7. What is the difference between single-quoted and double-quoted declaration of char array?
8. Initialization of multidimensional arrays in C/C++
9. Write one-line functions for strcat() and strcmp()
10. What’s the difference between char s[] and char *s in C
11. gets() is risky to use!
12. C function to Swap strings,
13. Storage for Strings in C
14. Difference between array and pointer
15. How to dynamically allocate a 2D array in C?
16. How to pass a 2D array as a parameter in C?
17. How to write long strings in Multi-lines C/C++?
18. What are the data types for which it is not possible to create an array?
19. Variable Length Arrays in C and C++
20. Shorthand array notation
21. Accessing an array out of bounds
22. strcpy() in C/C++
23. strcmp() in C/C++
24. strdup() and strdndup() in C/C++
25. Pass an array by value
26. Reverse a string in C/C++
27. strpbrk() in C
28. strcoll() in C/C++
29. ispunct() in C
30. strspn() in C
31. isalpha() and isdigit() in C/C++

1. What should be the data type of case labels of switch statement in C?
2. For Versus While
3. A nested loop puzzles
4. switch statement in C
5. Difference between while(1) and while(0)
6. goto statement
7. Continuing Statement
8. Break Statement
9. Using range in switch case

1. Enum in C
2. Structures in C
3. Union in C
4. Struct Hack
5. Structure Member Alignment, Padding, and Data Packing
6. Operations on struct variables in C
7. Bit Fields in C
8. Structure Sorting (By Multiple Rules) in C++
9. Flexible array of members in the structure
10. Difference between Structure and Union
11. Difference between C structures and C++ structures
12. Anonymous Union and Structure in C
13. Compound Literals in C

1. Memory Layout of C Programs,
2. How to deallocate memory without using free() in C?
3. calloc() versus malloc()
4. How does free() know the size of memory to be deallocated?
5. Use of realloc()
6. What is Memory Leak? How can we avoid it?

1. fseek() vs rewind() in C
2. EOF, getc() and feof() in C
3. fopen() for an existing file in write mode
4. Read/Write structure to a file
5. fgets() and gets() in C
6. Basics of File Handling
7. fsetpos() in C
8. rename function in C/C++
9. tmpfile() function in C
10. fgetc() and fputc() in C
11. fseek() in C/C++
12. ftell() in C
13. lseek() in C/C++
14. remove function in C/C++
15. Merge contents of two files into a third file
16. Print contents of file in C

1. C Program to print numbers from 1 to N without using semicolon?
2. How to find the sum of two numbers without using any operator
3. How will you show the memory representation of C variables?
4. Condition To Print “HelloWord”
5. Change/add only one character and print ‘*’ exactly 20 times
6. How can we sum the digits of a given number in a single statement?
7. What is the best way in C to convert a number to a string?
8. Calculate Logn in one line
9. Print “Even” or “Odd” without using a Conditional statement
10. How will you print numbers from 1 to 100 without using a loop?
11. How can we sum the digits of a given number in a single statement?
12. How will you print “Geeks for Geeks” without using a semicolon?
13. Write a one line C function to round floating point numbers
14. How will implement Your Own sizeof
15. How to count set bits in a floating-point number in C?
16. How to change the output of printf() in main() ?
17. How to find the length of a string without string.h and loop in C?
18. Implement your own itoa()
19. Write a C program that does not terminate when Ctrl+C is pressed
20. How to measure the time taken by a function in C?
21. Print a long int in C using putchar() only
22. Convert a floating-point number to string in C
23. How to write a running C code without main()?
24. Write your own memcpy()
25. C program to print characters without using format specifiers
26. C program to print a string without any quote (singe or double) in the program
27. Execute both if and else statements simultaneously
28. Print “Hello World” without using any header file

1. Quine — A self-reproducing program
2. Complicated declarations in C
3. Use of bool in C
4. Sequence Points in C
5. Optimization Techniques (swapping),
6. ASCII NUL, ASCII 0 (’0?) and Numeric literal 0
7. Little- and Big-Endian Mystery,
8. Comparator function of qsort() in C
9. Program to validate an IP address
10. Multithreading in C
11. Assertions in C/C++
12. fork() in C
13. Interesting Facts in C Programming
14. Precision of floating-point numbers in C++ (floor(), ceil(), trunc(), round() and setprecision())
15. setjump() and longjump() in C
16. nextafter() and nexttoward() in C/C++
17. pthread_cancel() in C
18. pthread_equal() in C
19. pthread_self() in C
20. Local Labels in C
21. lvalue and rvalue in C
22. Get and set the stack size of the thread attribute
23. Difference between fork() and exec()
24. Errors in C/C++
25. Why is C considered faster than other languages?
26. Incompatibilities between C and C++
27. Convert C/C++ code to assembly language
28. Error Handling in C
29. Executing main() in C/C++ : Behind the scene
30. Hygienic Macros in C
31. Command-line arguments in C/C++
32. scanf(), fscanf(), sscanf(), scanf_s(), fscanf_s(), sscanf_s()
33. Some Interesting Facts in C Programming
34. Database Connectivity using C/C++
35. Function Interposition in C
36. Macros vs Functions
37. Write your own memcpy() and memmove()